Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a domestic cat in Finland: Case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anaplasmosis is a vectorborne disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium <it>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</it>. This species displays positive tropism to granulocytes and can cause illness in several mammalian species, including cats, dogs, and humans. It is considered as an emerging disease in Europe. The clinical signs are nonspecific and include fever, lethargy, and inappetence. The most typical hematologic abnormality is thrombocytopenia. A tentative diagnosis can be made by detecting intracytoplasmic morulae inside neutrophils. The diagnosis is confirmed by PCR and serology in paired serum samples. A sample for PCR analysis should be taken before treatment. Anaplasmosis is treated with doxycycline.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A feline case of anaplasmosis is presented. The history, clinical presentation, diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up are discussed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This case indicates that <it>Anaplasma phagocytophilum </it>infects cats in Finland. To provide accurate treatment, anaplasmosis should be listed as a differential diagnosis in cats suffering from acute febrile illness with previous tick exposure.</p

The effect of intra-articular botulinum toxin A on substance P, prostaglandin E-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the canine osteoarthritic joint

Background: Recently, intra-articular botulinum toxin A (IA BoNT A) has been shown to reduce joint pain in osteoarthritic dogs. Similar results have been reported in human patients with arthritis. However, the mechanism of the antinociceptive action of IA BoNT A is currently not known. The aim of this study was to explore this mechanism of action by investigating the effect of IA BoNT A on synovial fluid (SF) and serum substance P (SP), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in osteoarthritic dogs. Additionally, the aim was to compare SF SP and PGE(2) between osteoarthritic and non-osteoarthritic joints, and investigate associations between SP, PGE(2), osteoarthritic pain, and the signalment of dogs. Thirty-five dogs with chronic naturally occurring osteoarthritis and 13 non-osteoarthritic control dogs were included in the study. Osteoarthritic dogs received either IA BoNT A (n = 19) or IA placebo (n = 16). Serum and SF samples were collected and osteoarthritic pain was evaluated before (baseline) and 2 and 8 weeks after treatment. Osteoarthritic pain was assessed with force platform, Helsinki Chronic Pain Index, and joint palpation. Synovial fluid samples were obtained from control dogs after euthanasia. The change from baseline in SP and PGE(2) concentration was compared between the IA BoNT A and placebo groups. The synovial fluid SP and PGE(2) concentration was compared between osteoarthritic and control joints. Associations between SP, PGE(2), osteoarthritic pain, and the signalment of dogs were evaluated. Results: There was no significant change from baseline in SP or PGE(2) after IA BoNT A. Synovial fluid PGE(2) was significantly higher in osteoarthritic compared to control joints. Synovial fluid PGE(2) correlated with osteoarthritic pain. No associations were found between SP or PGE2 and the signalment of dogs. The concentration of TNF-alpha remained under the detection limit of the assay in all samples. Conclusions: The results suggest that the antinociceptive effect of IA BoNT A in the joint might not be related to the inhibition of SP nor PGE(2). Synovial fluid PGE(2,) but not SP, could be a marker for chronic osteoarthritis and pain in dogs.Peer reviewe

Assessing adverse effects of intra-articular botulinum toxin A in healthy Beagle dogs : A placebo-controlled, blinded, randomized trial

Objective To investigate the clinical, cytological, and histopathological adverse effects of intra-articularly injected botulinum toxin A in dogs and to study whether the toxin spreads from the joint after the injection. Methods A longitudinal, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted with six healthy laboratory Beagle dogs. Stifle joints were randomized to receive either 30 IU of onabotulinum toxin A or placebo in a 1: 1 ratio. Adverse effects and spread of the toxin were examined by evaluating dynamic and static weight-bearing of the injected limbs, by assessing painless range of motion and pain on palpation of joints, and by performing synovial fluid analysis, neurological examination, and electrophysiological recordings at different examination timepoints in a 12-week period after the injections. The dogs were then euthanized and autopsy and histopathological examination of joint structures and adjacent muscles and nerves were performed. Results Intra-articular botulinum toxin A did not cause local weakness or injection site pain. Instead, static weight-bearing and painless range of motion of stifle joints decreased in the placebo limbs. No clinically significant abnormalities associated with intra-articular botulinum toxin A were detected in the neurological examinations. Electrophysiological recordings showed low compound muscle action potentials in two dogs in the botulinum toxin A-injected limb. No significant changes were detected in the synovial fluid. Autopsy and histopathological examination of the joint and adjacent muscles and nerves did not reveal histopathological adverse effects of the toxin. Conclusion Intra-articular botulinum toxin A does not produce significant clinical, cytological, or histopathological adverse effects in healthy dogs. Based on the electrophysiological recordings, the toxin may spread from the joint, but its clinical impact seems to be low.Peer reviewe

Schedule for examinations.

<p>Schedule for examinations.</p

Painless range of motion of stifle joints after intra-articular botulinum toxin A or placebo.

<p>Painless range of motion (presented as mean and SD) of stifle joints of six healthy Beagle dogs. Hind limbs of each dog were randomized to receive either intra-articular botulinum toxin A or placebo (0.9% saline). ★ = Differs significantly from baseline, P = 0.001 for 4 W, P = 0.017 for 8 W. Baseline, before the injections; h, hour; W, week.</p

Static weight-bearing after intra-articular botulinum toxin A or placebo.

<p>Static weight-bearing (presented as mean and SD) of hind limbs of six healthy Beagle dogs. Hind limbs of each dog were randomized to receive either intra-articular botulinum toxin A or placebo (0.9% saline). Baseline, before the injections; W, week.</p

Histopathological changes in stifle joints of healthy Beagle dogs 12 weeks after intra-articular botulinum toxin A or placebo.

<p>Histopathological changes in stifle joints of healthy Beagle dogs 12 weeks after intra-articular botulinum toxin A or placebo.</p

Electrophysiological recording results in hind limbs of healthy Beagle dogs (n = 6) after intra-articular botulinum toxin A and placebo.

<p>Electrophysiological recording results in hind limbs of healthy Beagle dogs (n = 6) after intra-articular botulinum toxin A and placebo.</p